Those exposed to a low or moderate dose of VX via inhalation, ingestion, or skin/eye absorption may experience within seconds to hours of exposure some or all of the following symptoms:
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Those exposed to a large dose of VX via any route may experience the following symptoms in addition to the listed ones on the left:
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1. An oxime, such as Pralidoxime (2-PAM), is administered in order to detach the VX agent from cholinesterase, thereby reactivating the enzyme. This diminishes both nicotinic and muscarinic effects of the nerve agents which oximes are effective against. |
2. Atropine, a muscarinic antagonist, is used to bind and block muscarinic acetylcholine receptors so that acetylcholine can no longer bind. Atropine is especially effective when the nerve agent is oxime-resistant or when symptoms have already advanced and become severe. |